China’s fuel cell technology
In recent years, China’s fuel cell research and development has made considerable progress, particularly in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell dell inspiron 640m battery,dell inspiron 700m battery, the reach or approach the level of the world; in the molten carbonate fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell technology has also made some progress . However, in general, China’s fuel cell is still in research stage, as compared with foreign countries, a lower level. Developed countries will have large-scale fuel cell development as a focus of research projects, and has achieved many important results, the level of fuel cell power plants have been built and will soon replace the traditional internal combustion engines and generators are widely used in power generation and automotive power. China should focus on strength, increase investment, promote the fuel cell power generation technology and applications research and development work.
Fuel Cell is a burning without a way to electrochemical reaction of the chemical energy of fuels directly into electrical energy generating device, can be used natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas as fuel. Clean coal technology is one of transformation. Can be classified according to the type of alkaline electrolyte fuel cell (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), renewable hydrogen fuel cell (RFC), a direct alcohol fuel cell (DMFC), are such as new energy storage batteries, such as solid polymer-type batteries.
Hydrogen and oxygen gas is commonly used in fuel cell fuel gas and oxidant. In addition, CO and other gases can also be used as MCFC and SOFC fuel. From a long-term development, high-temperature MCFC and SOFC-based system is the use of coal resources for efficient and effective way to clean power generation. China’s abundant coal resources are required for fuel cell of the great sources of fuel.
Fuel cells with high efficiency and pollution-free, short construction periods, easy to maintain, as well as the attractive features of low cost, it is not only a vehicle to replace the most promising clean energy, but also widely used in space shuttles, submarines, underwater robots, communication systems, small and medium-sized power plants, domestic power, but also very suitable for mobile, distributed power and close to the end user of electricity supply, but also solve the problem of peak power grids. With the commercialization of fuel cells to promote, market prospect is extremely broad. It is predicted that fuel cells will become the thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power generation after the fourth-generation approach [1], it will trigger a new 21st century energy and environment-friendly green revolution.
1, China’s progress in fuel cell technology
“Fuel cell technology” is China’s “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period of major development projects dell inspiron 710m battery,dell inspiron 8500 battery, the goal is to use our resources, starting from a high starting point to strengthen the innovation; in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, China’s fuel cell technology development closer to international standards. The elements of a “proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology”, “Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology” and “solid oxide fuel cell technology,” the three major projects [2], which, for the electric car “5kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell” as the focus of development. This task by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute assume a number of departments. The target set has been fully achieved.
In the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the research and development in China has reached such battery technology can be the level of loading, you can compete with developed countries in the world, but also in market share, it can be and able to occupy a certain percentage of [1] . Since the proton exchange membrane fuel cell as a “Ninth Five-Year” plan focuses on scientific and technological projects, the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, as the lead units across the country carried out a comprehensive proton exchange membrane fuel cell battery materials and battery systems research, great progress has been made, have assembled more than 100 watts, 1kW-2kW, 5kW, 10kW to 30kW battery pack and battery system. 5kW battery pack inside the humidifier, including part of the power-weight ratio 100W/kg, smaller than the power of 300W / L. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell bicycle has been developed has been developed for electric bicycle 200 watt fuel cell system. 100-watt-class mobile power source and the mobile communication station 5kW power source has been successfully developed. KW-class battery system as a power source, have been successfully applied to the test. From 6 5kW battery pack consisting of 30kW battery system has been successfully used as the first Chinese fuel cell power source for light passenger cars. Loading the battery up to maximum output power 46 kilowatts. At present the car a top speed of 60.6km / h, for fuel cell electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicle development and lay a good foundation. The overall performance of the cell stack is equivalent to Mercedes-Benz, Ford and Canada’s Ballard MK7 jointly developed proton exchange membrane fuel cell electric vehicle level [3]. China’s ongoing high-power proton exchange membrane fuel cell group of fuel cell engine development and system integration studies.
In the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), the China has developed a partial α and γ-lithium aluminate coarse, fine materials, preparation of a large area (greater than 0.2m2) of the battery separator is forecast to divide more than 30,000 hours life . Course materials on the basis of components and successful assembly and operation of the kilowatt-class battery pack.
In solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology, has prepared a 5-10μm thick load Dense YSZ electrolyte films, developed a temperature SOFC can be used as a connector in the Ni-based stainless steel. Supported YSZ thin film-based medium temperature SOFC single cell maximum output power density of 0.4 W/cm2, supported LSGM thin film-based medium temperature SOFC single cells to achieve maximum output power density 0.8W/cm2. These technological innovation for the development of kilowatt-class, 10 kilowatts-level intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell technology for power generation and research and development has laid a solid foundation.
2, outside the rapid development of fuel cell technology
The new century, the fuel cell is the most promising clean energy, is the best alternative to traditional energy choices. Therefore, the fuel cell technology research and development by many governments and multinational companies of great importance dell inspiron 6400 battery,dell inspiron 640m battery. The United States will be involved in fuel cell technology as one of national security, “Time” magazine will be fuel cell electric vehicles as a high-tech 21st century, the first 10; the Japanese government believes that fuel cell technology in the 21st century the core of the energy field of the environment; Canada plans to fuel cells to develop into a pillar industry of the country. Over the past decade, foreign governments and enterprises in the area of fuel cell investment of more than 10 billion U.S. dollars. For the development of fuel cells, Daimler - Chrysler Corporation on an annual basis in recent years into a one billion U.S. dollars, Toyota’s annual investment of more than 5 billion yen [4].
Europe, Japan and other developed countries and the United States Government and the business community will be the development of large-scale fuel cells as a key research projects, and has achieved many important results, PEMFC technology has been developed to a practical stage, making fuel cells will soon replace the traditional power generators, and widely used in internal combustion engines and power generation and vehicles. 2MW, 4.5MW, 11MW sets of fuel cell power generation equipment has entered the commercial production for national defense, aerospace, automobiles, hospitals, factories, residential areas, etc.; the level of fuel cell power plants have been built in some developed countries, of which international fuel cell industry giant Canada Ballard company 320 million U.S. dollars of financing to build the fuel battery factory in February 2001 was officially put into operation. The United States and Europe to low-cost mass production of household electricity - heating fuel cell as the most recent development plans. At present, in North America, Japan and Europe, the fuel cell power generation is rapidly entering a phase of industrial scale applications.
At present, hydrogen fuel cell car has become the world’s major car companies of the most important technological development. So far, the world’s 6 largest auto company in the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development costs have more than 10 billion U.S. dollars and one billion U.S. dollars a year growth rate [5]. From 1997 to 2001, major companies have developed fuel cell vehicle over 41 species.
3, China’s development of fuel cell technology is relatively weak
China’s fuel cell research have had ups and downs. 60s in the 20th century, has carried out a variety of fuel cell research laboratory, 70’s putting in a lot of manpower and material resources to carry out space technology for fuel cell research, then come to a halt a long-term research work. In recent years, China began a renewed emphasis on fuel cell technology research and development and made great progress. Particularly in the PEMFC, the reach or approach the level of the world. However, in general, China’s fuel cell research and development still in its infancy, still in the research stage, as compared with foreign countries, China’s fuel cell research is still relatively low, China’s fuel cell development of the organization is still far from enough. As the world’s largest coal producer and consumer countries, the development of coal as an energy-based high-temperature MCFC and SOFC is of particular importance. However, our MCFC, SOFC research gap with foreign countries, in order to achieve a practical, commercial applications, there is still a long way to go. To date, China has not yet fuel-cell power plant application. This is a large country like China’s position does not match. Although the fuel cell technology will also be classified as “Ninth Five-Year Plan” research project, the state investment funds and enterprises are very limited, only tens of million dollars of annual funding middleweight yuan, hundreds of millions of dollars and developed countries is negligible compared to the input; bear research, only a small number of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and other research institutes dell inspiron 700m battery,dell inspiron 710m battery, research and dispersion, the lack of involvement of enterprises, it is difficult to achieve a breakthrough, in particular, made it difficult to study the practical application of test results to the formation of industry trends. Listed in Table 1 from the fuel cell of foreign research and development situation, Europe, the United States and Japan, most companies are mainly engaged in fuel cell research and development and manufacturing production, and large-scale, for example, only in Canada Ballard, a company’s assets amounted to one billion U.S. dollars.
4, to develop fuel cell technology it is imperative
Fuel cell from the world of the momentum of rapid development, the first decade of this century will be the commercialization of fuel cell power generation technology, an important stage of industrialization, its technical practicality, and so the cost of production will be a major breakthrough. Fuel cell system is expected to be in the clean coal fuel cell power plants, electric vehicles, mobile power supply, uninterruptible power supply, power supply submarines and space have a wide range of applications, very large potential market. It can be expected that decentralized power supply systems - fuel cell power plants will be replaced in the 21st century to the “big crew, big power grids, high-voltage” as the main features of the modern power system has become the main force of the power industry. And the general promotion of fuel cell applications, will be in the field of energy and lead to a profound revolution, to promote the formation of new industries, promote the rapid development of the national economy. The field of energy revolution in China’s government, enterprises, research institutes, institutions of higher learning have to face up to the task, we must be fully aware of this and give them adequate attention. We should accurately grasp the revolution brought to us by the opportunity, do not hesitate to allocate sufficient human, material and financial resources to promote the fuel cell power generation technology and applications research and development work as soon as possible so that the industrialization of practical use for our national energy security and sustainable development of the national economy.
State Development Planning Commission in 1997 proposed clean coal technology to China’s development program in 2010, the fuel cell has been classified as the clean coal industry focus on the development of 14 one of the objectives of technology [6]. In the “15″ science and technology development plans, fuel cell technology has been implemented as a key major projects [7].
In view of the world’s fuel cell technology for power generation and the development of rapid, broad market prospects and long-term development of China’s strategic needs, the State Ministry of Science and Technology, the State Planning Commission, State Economic and Trade Commission should be jointly developed fuel cell technology for power generation in our country’s development planning, it is necessary to the Organization of the Higher institutions, research institutes active research, but also to guide the State Power Corporation, the oil group, Sinopec Group and the auto, machinery manufacturing, and other enthusiastic participation of industrial enterprises, concentrate our efforts on increasing the manpower, material and financial resources for investment, to catch up, work together to promote fuel battery research and development of power generation technology. In specific practices, we start from a high starting point, the introduction of foreign whole fuel cell power generation equipment, can be the introduction of the smaller cell stack. Digestion and absorption in the efforts on the basis of a positive innovation, this allows us to more quickly master the high-tech help to speed up China’s fuel cell power plant technology.
In addition, MCFC and SOFC to China is of particular importance dell inspiron 8500 battery, which should select the whole of our recent breakthrough technology to strengthen the porous thin film electrode process kinetic theory, the new design of key materials, preparation and complex multi-phase interface aspects of basic research.
